Footnote.com: Millions of Historical Documents Online

“Footnote Millions of Historical Documents Online” by Solution Watch recommends Footnote, an historical documents online service developed in partnership with the US National Archives:

Footnote is an impressive resource which launched last week that allows users to access and annotate millions of historical documents online for the first time. Interested in the Civil War or perhaps the Bureau of Investigation? Just look it up on Footnote and within seconds view digitized copies of the original documents including photographs, signed documents, letters, case studies and more. Footnote has also established a partnership with the National Archives providing access to millions of historical documents for viewing online. Around 4.5 million documents have already been added to the site and apparently millions more to come. I’ll admit, I wasn’t one to raise my hand during history class, but it’s pretty neat being able to view transcripts that George Washington wrote back in 1775 for the Continental Congress and the signature of John Hancock. I’d imagine Footnote to be a prime attraction for genealogists, historians, public libraries, school systems and history buffs in general.

On top of viewing original documents online, Footnote encourages users to share their knowledge by uploading images, annotating documents and maintaining member pages. Users can also download any image on the site and add it to their account gallery.

Adobe Flash Player is required for viewing the images. The annual membership for looking around at the documents is free. Some images on the site can be viewed and downloaded for free, but member subscriptions are required for other areas and access ranging from USD $1.99 per image download to $99.99 a year.


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Last Letters of Antarctic Explorer Robert Scott Revealed

According to Discovery News, “Antarctic Explorer’s Letters Revealed”, the last letters from Captain Robert Falcon Scott, the second explorer in the race to be “first to the South Pole”, have been revealed and donated to the Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.

The letters tell of his determination to get there, and of his faith that he would make it, then finding he’d lost the race and then facing the reality of his impending death as he and the remainder of his crew struggled to get back.

Knowing he was days from death on a tragic trek back from the South Pole in 1912, Capt. Robert Falcon Scott wrote to his wife that “we are in a very tight corner and I have doubts of pulling through.”

However, he assured Kathleen Scott, he faced his end without regret. “How much better it has been than lounging in comfort at home,” Scott wrote in the letter, recovered the year after he and his companions died of cold and starvation.

Scott’s courage in facing his doom — following the bitter disappointment of losing the race to the South Pole — burnished his stature as a national hero, and was an inspiration to generations of British youth.

…Scott’s private correspondence was recently donated to the institute by Philippa Scott, widow of the explorer’s only child, Sir Peter Scott, who died in 1989….

The letter was found along with the explorer’s body and his effects several months after his death, 11 miles from his supply camp. Kathleen Scott was on her way to New Zealand to await his return when she received confirmation of his death.

Captain Scott was a hero during the end of the 1800s and start of the next century as the last bits of the planet were being explored. Not just explored but those findings being written about in the news and budding media, not just letters home.

His first book, “The Voyage of Discovery”, was about his first journey into the great unknown ice world of Antarctica from 1902-04. The best selling novel, combined with the news reports, inspired imaginations and generations of explorer-wannabes, mountain climbers, and travelers.

I remember some older family members recalling how exciting it was to hear their parent’s debate about the race between Norwegian Roald Amundsen and Captain Scott to be first to the South Pole, and arguing over who would win. Amundsen arrived nearly a month before Scott, both both had a rough trip getting there. Only Amundsen returned alive. Still, the challenge and adventure was so exciting, even for the bystander.

Scott’s journal published in 1913, “Scott’s Last Expedition” doesn’t share these whole letters, but does describe the Antarctic as “This is an awful place, and terrible enough for us to have labored to it without the reward of priority.”

Having lost his team, his last letter shares his final moments:

“Dearest … cherish no sentimental rubbish about remarriage — when the right man comes to help you in life you ought to be your happy self again. I hope I shall be a good memory; certainly the end is nothing for you to be ashamed of and I like to think that the boy will have a good start in parentage of which he may be proud.

“Dear it is not easy to write because of the cold — 70 degrees below zero and nothing but the shelter of our tent — you know I have loved you, you know my thoughts must have constantly dwelt on you and oh dear me you must know that quite the worst aspect of this situation is the thought that I shall not see you again.”

“The inevitable must be faced.”

You can read more and see the images of Scott’s team and the letters from Yahoo News about Scott’s final letters.


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Master Genealogist: Connecting Life Experience with Tags

I’m still struggling to learn about how The Master Genealogist (TMG) genealogy research and family history software program works. It’s not for the casual family history researcher. It is for the very serious genealogist, determined to dig into all the details of their family’s history and report on it accurately and comprehensively.

A problem I had at first was connecting a person’s life with the data TMG needed from me. A lifesaver came from Terry’s TMG Tips article, “TMG Basic Concepts – A Metaphor to Help Understand the Basics”.

…I hope to offer some basic concepts to aid users in visualizing how TMG manages their data, so that they can more quickly become comfortable in using the features of the program. This is not intended to be an accurate portrayal of the technical details of the program, but rather is intended to create a mental model to help the user to grasp what he or she needs to do to use the program effectively. In order to do that, I am using a ring binder metaphor to illustrate some of the program’s basic operations.

…In TMG, a person is only an ID number, nothing more (sorry – 1984 has come and gone ). So, using our metaphor, when we add a person, we are taking a blank piece of paper, writing an ID number in the upper left corner, and placing it in the ring binder. That’s all a “person” is in TMG.

…Everything you enter about a person is done by adding Tags. Everything! His or her name, birth and death information, parents, children, everything!

Once I understood that everyone is a number and everything about the person is a tag, it started to make sense. Starting with that information, I could begin to build information about the person’s life by adding “tags” with events and descriptions of their life.

Terry goes on to explain that once you have basic information about the person’s life entered in tags, it’s time to document their relationships. After all, no one is totally alone. Everyone comes with parents, and they come with parents, and you may have a spouse, and might even have children. You may even have brothers and sisters, and even if you don’t, your parents probably did. All of these people are connected, and the way to connect these relationships is through, you guessed it, more tags! Start to see the pattern?

I did. If you are struggling with the basic concepts of how The Master Genealogist program works, take time to study Terry’s TMG Tips for indepth information, tools, and tutorials to help you get started and learn more about how the program works.


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American Memory Collection of Americana

The US Library of Congress American Memory Collection is a fascinating online museum and resource for United States history and Americana.

There is a Today in History page which offers a daily glimpse into the past and events that happened on this date in American history.

A recently highlighted online collection features music of America including Song of America and African-American Sheet Music.

You can browse through the various categories of topics to research and learn more about their role in American history such as Advertising, African American History, Cities, Towns, Immigration, American Expansion, Native American History, Religion, War, Military, and Women’s History.

Within their vast online collections you will find the papers of Alexander Graham Bell, Civil War Maps and Civil War Images, American Quilts and Quiltmaking, audio interviews with slaves, and military newspapers from World War I.

There are many collections and online exhibits worth exploring to help you learn more about your American ancestors, so check it out.


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A Lifetime Found in a Resume

Going through my father’s papers, I found many of his resumes, going back decades. The most recent ones written in the past 25 years were resumes I helped him put together. Before that, my mother did them for him. He was rather useless in that area. 😉

At first I stuffed them in a file folder, thinking they were probably worth going through later with the idea that I’d probably throw away the oldest ones. A few weeks later I opened the folder to realize I was holding my father’s professional life and history in my hands.

A resume is a factual representation of a person’s professional life and career. It is also an exaggerated and boastful representation of skills they may, or may not, have had, as well as some fidgeting of dates and titles to make themselves look better than they really were. My father’s resumes are both.

A resume is customizable. My father, for example, worked in the shipyards for many years, but he also worked other odd jobs when the shipyard layoffs hit. He worked in house construction, real estate, and janitorial services. He poked around at a wide variety of things, trying to make ends meet. He had different resumes for the different industries he worked in, so each one was different. He even had a very different resume I helped him put together years ago to convince a local college to accept him into their program, highlighting professional skills he really didn’t have.

A resume tells the story of a person’s working life, but it also helps to define them in other ways. I’m still learning about who my father was, even though I knew him in many ways better than most people. His resumes offer new insights. I just wish I’d found them before he died so I could get my new questions about his life answered.

Look through your family papers to see if you can find any resumes of your family members. If you don’t have one, find one, or if they are living, ask them for copies to add to your files. Someday, these resumes may be treasures, revealing more about an ancestor than just names and dates.


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Harvard Open Collection Online: History of Immigration to the United States

The Open Collections Program from Harvard features “Immigration to the United States”, a web-based collection of selected historical information and resources on immigration to the US from 1789-1930.

The collection includes information on immigration records from Harvard’s’ libraries, archives, and museums. According to the website, the historical records include “approximately 1,800 books and pamphlets as well as 6,000 photographs, 200 maps, and 13,000 pages from manuscript and archival collections.”

There are diaries, biographies in addition to technical and statistic information which may help tell the stories of the European and Scandinavian immigration to the “New World” and the lives which took these people from their familiar world to this strange new land.


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Exploring the Genome of the Neanderthal

Scientific American reports “Genomic ‘Time Machine’ May Pinpoint Divergence of Human and Neanderthal” in a recent issue. According to the article, a short, fossilized femur from a 38 year old Neanderthal, found in a museum in Croatia, may become a part of the first genome sequence of the Neanderthal.

According to Rubin, the sequences provide the beginnings of a “DNA time machine” that will help update anthropological inferences about human and Neanderthal populations. Among the lingering questions is whether the two populations intermixed after humans migrated out of Africa and encountered Neanderthals in Europe 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. (Just this month two studies, from Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Chicago, suggested that indirect evidence from human DNA indicates intermingling occurred.) Both Rubin and Pääbo report finding no evidence of mixing. “We don’t exclude it,” Rubin says. “Clearly, as we go further into the future and read more, we may see evidence of that.”

Erik Trinkaus, a physical anthropologist and lead author of the Washington University study, believes Rubin’s and Pääbo’s results do not preclude his hypothesis. He says that there are two different questions regarding population mixing: Did it occur 40,000 years ago? And, do 21st-century Europeans carry distinctively Neanderthal genes? “They are attempting to answer the second question and make a statistical inference back to the first question,” Trinkaus explains.

Fascinating! We get so caught up with the idea of testing being important to family history, but the doors it can really open lead much further back in our past.


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Genetic Make-up of Humans More Diverse Than Believed

An article on DNA differences from BBC News tells of how scientists are discovering that the genetic make-up of humans is much more diverse than originally thought.

A UK-led team made a detailed analysis of the DNA found in 270 people and identified vast regions to be duplicated or even missing.

…To date, the investigation of the human genome has tended to focus on very small changes in DNA that can have deleterious effects – at the scale of just one or a few bases, or “letters”, in the biochemical code that programs cellular activity.

And for many years, scientists have also been able to look through microscopes to see very large-scale abnormalities that arise when whole DNA bundles, or chromosomes, are truncated or duplicated.

But it is only recently that researchers have developed the molecular “tools” to focus on medium-scale variations – at the scale of thousands of DNA letters.

This analysis of so-called copy number variation (CNV) has now revealed some startling results. It would seem the assumption that the DNA of any two humans is 99.9% similar in content and identity no longer holds.

What this means is that DNA now reveals a greater level of variation between one individual and the next. They are learning that copy variations emerge, which probably have more to do with “shuffling of genetic material” during the reproductive process, but this raises some concerns in the genealogy world.

As DNA is used by more and more researchers, as well as genealogists, to research the human line, these variables may cause errors in lineage determinations, though it is unlikely. Hopefully, but the time this new technology improves, this anomalies will be taken into consideration.


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Protect, Preserve, or Donate Your Precious Family Photos and Papers

The Genealogy Journey offers “Historic Family Papers and Photos: Store Them Right or Consider Donating Them” offers tips and links to resources and techniques on how to protect, preserve, and donate your family history papers and photographs.

Please! As a family member who has lost so many precious family records, photographs, and heirlooms to fire, neglect, and just ignored, please protect your old papers and photographs in whatever method is best for you and your family. They may not mean anything to you now, but for those of us who are searching for microscopic buried treasures on our family’s past, they are gold and diamonds.


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Genealogy Today Offers Tips for Scanning Old Photographs

Genealogy Today has an article series on scanning old photographs with part one covering basic scanning information. Part two will be out soon.

Among the basics are two issues that confront most new computer users when it comes to scanning photographs and graphics: size and quality.

When you scan an old photo, you create an image file. The amount of space the file takes up on your hard disk is directly related to both the size and complexity of the photo and the resolution used when you scan it. Resolution is measured in dots per square inch (dpi). For example, doubling both the horizontal and vertical resolution going from 300 by 300 dpi to 600 by 600 dpi quadruples the size of the im age file. A 6″ x 4″ photo print scanned at 600dpi produces a 25 megabyte image! Also, the higher the resolution, the longer it takes to scan the photo. The old saying, “A picture is worth 1,000 words,” is more than true with scanned images.

Scan resolution merely determines image size. When you increase scan resolution, you increase image size. A 6×4-inch photo scanned at 110 dpi fills about half of a 1024×768 monitor screen, the typical resolution of most computer monitors today.

Images in newspapers and magazines are reproduced quite differently from photographic prints. They’re reduced to a series of small dots. When scanning these, you can easily get an interference pattern between the dots on the original and the dots scanned. Some scanners allow you to “descreen” when scanning–blurring the dot pattern so it appears more like a photograph. This process is very effective and is better than trying to overcome the screen or patterning in your photo enhancement software after you scan your image. Scanning at high resolution is another way to eliminate these patterns. To scan old engravings, set your scanner to Line Art at 600 dpi.

This are very good points to consider when scanning.

If you are scanning from old photo albums or newspaper clippings, handle these with cotton gloves to protect the emulsion and fragile quality of the items, and handle them with extreme care.

If you are removing photographs or newspaper clippings from photo albums, get professional advice if they don’t come out easily. The best advice is to scan them in their original form rather than remove them, to ensure their protection.

I’ll be writing more about scanning and using your historical images, letters, and graphics in the next few months.


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